{"id":1562,"date":"2014-12-01T13:11:38","date_gmt":"2014-12-01T19:11:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/?p=1562"},"modified":"2014-12-11T05:39:58","modified_gmt":"2014-12-11T11:39:58","slug":"mango-cultivation-in-amroha-how-to-increase-its-productivity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/mango-cultivation-in-amroha-how-to-increase-its-productivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Mango cultivation in Amroha – how to increase its productivity"},"content":{"rendered":"

Amroha is the land of mangoes and carps\u2026<\/i><\/b> it looks mysterious because we couldn\u2019t understand the relation between mangoes and carps at first instance. Although Amroha is an ancient place and has rich history but its cultural revolution taken place in medieval times when\u00a0Hazrat Syed Sharfuddin Shahwilayat (ra)<\/b>\u00a0reached Amroha. He came from Middle East (Iraq) and instructed (as per folks) that you should go to the place and reside there where you will find mangoes and carps (rohu fish). No doubt that he came across many towns and cities before reaching Amroha which surely have carps and mangoes because in north India you can find mango and rohu fish at almost every place from Lahore to Punjab to Amroha. Aam and rohu is very common to most of the towns if not all. So why he choose only Amroha to live?. Surely there might be some other reasons against this common belief to reside in Amroha but this is still a mystery and we will speculate it in future inshallah . Whatever is the reason but now Amroha is famous for mangoes. So this article is written for mango cultivators of Amroha (recommendations are general which can be follow at any place in northern India). About carps we will discuss in some other articles.<\/p>\n

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Centuries old culture of mango cultivation in Amroha<\/b> <\/b><\/div>\n
Amroha has more than 100 types of descripted and non-descripted varieties of mangoes, so its diversity is very high which make Amroha unique place for mangoes. There are so many fruits in the world but no other fruit has same value as that of mango. Some people called it King of Fruits (phalo ka raja). As per my opinion it is absolutely true and it has some uniqueness and that uniqueness is hidden in its diversity. Now see this, you eat apple it has same taste whether it is Himachali, Kashmiri or from United Kingdom, same is true for litchi, chiku or grapes. But when you eat dusseri you will have absolutely different taste sensation than landga or chaunsa. Although all are mangoes having same physiology but taste is different and no mango is superior to other on the basis of taste. All are equally well and I love this variation. Let us have a look for its commercial value and how we can improve the productivity.<\/div>\n
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Why I am sharing this knowledge – saving mango orchards \u2013 a tribute to my father<\/b> <\/b><\/div>\n
My farther also loved mangoes and he had taken orchards on rent during mango blossoming seasons. I loved to went those orchards along with him on cycle (not less than 15 Km from my home). He had passion for mangoes, although he hardly made any profits out of it but even then he always taken mango orchards on rent and use to live there in the nights. He taught me many practical things about mangoes like how to recognize variety by looking its shape and size. I was hardly 9 or 10 years old. He suffered huge losses and my mother scolded him for wasting money year after year. I wish I could help him to increase the productivity and help him to save his money with my knowledge, but he is not present today to take my help. But I want to reduce sufferings of farmers who are passing through same situations.<\/div>\n
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Mangoes \u2013 Brief account on its present status in India<\/b> <\/b><\/div>\n
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the choicest fruit of India in terms of not only production but also economic importance and acceptability by the consumers. It is grown in around 87 countries in the world but nowhere it is as greatly valued as in India where it covers around 36 per cent of total fruits growing area. Owing to delicious taste, succulence type and exotic flavour it enjoys the same popularity in the tropics as apple in the temperate region. India is the largest producer of choice table varieties of mango in the world. More than 1000 mango varieties are under cultivation in India, each differing in shape, size and taste. But the production share of mango in India is quite low (20.3%) with total annual production of only 15.19 million tons due to low productivity (6.6 tonnes\/ha). Despite India has got excellent export mango varieties (Dashehari, grown in northern India, Alphonso and Kesar in western India and krishnabhog, Gulabkhas and Himsagar in \u00a0eastern India) it occupies just fourth position in mango export market of the world with\u00a0Philippines being the first<\/b>.<\/div>\n
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Among the different factors responsible for\u00a0low productivity<\/b>\u00a0and\u00a0low export potentiality<\/b>,physiological disorders associated with mango is one of the main factor which affects mango cultivation<\/span><\/b>\u00a0at all stages, right from the plants in the nursery to the fruits in storage or transit. These physiological disorders not only reduce the production efficiency of the tree but also hamper the fruit quality which is the key factor for export, resulting\u00a0huge economic losses to the growers every year<\/i>. Therefore, to obtain higher mango production with better quality, utmost attention must be given to solve the problems of physiological disorders.<\/div>\n
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Details of different physiological disorders along with their management strategies are as follows:<\/b><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/b><\/div>\n
Alternate Bearing:<\/b>\u00a0it means trees give fruits every third year (first, third, fifth like this) This is one of the\u00a0most burning problems of mango cultivation<\/i><\/b>\u00a0as it renders mango cultivation less remunerative to growers. It causes huge economic burden over farmers and they suffer losses in the form of land depreciation and product stagnancy.<\/div>\n
\u00a0It signifies the tendency of\u00a0mango trees to bear a heavy crop in one year (on year) and very little or no crop in the succeeding year (off year)<\/span><\/b>.\u00a0Most of the commercial varieties of north India, namely,\u00a0Dashehari, Langra and Chausa are alternate bearers.<\/b><\/div>\n
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Reason:<\/b>\u00a0Generally mango trees when laden with fruits,\u00a0they do not produce new shoots<\/i><\/b>.<\/i>\u00a0Even after harvesting, if new shoots are produced, they are negligible in number and\u00a0do not flower in the coming year<\/b>\u00a0because new vegetative flush of mango required a certain amount of maturity (8-10 months<\/b>) for flower bud differentiation.<\/div>\n
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It can be understand<\/b>; first year it flowers and gives fruits\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0in second year new shoots will be seen in march April\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0then in third years it fruits again.<\/div>\n
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Moreover, when a tree produces heavy crop in one season, it gets\u00a0nutritionally exhausted<\/b>\u00a0failing to yield in following season. Besides climatic factors, C\/N (carbohydrate\/nitrogen) ratio and hormonal imbalance also play vital role to cause alteration in bearing in mango.<\/div>\n
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Management Strategies<\/b><\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Paclobutrazol<\/b>\u00a0(PP333) @ 4 g\/tree as soil and foliar\u00a0spray in September results<\/b>\u00a0early maturation of vegetative flush and commencement of flowering in the following year.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Deblossoming<\/b>\u00a0of some \u2018on year\u2019 flowers and pruning (selective removal of parts of a plant, such as branches, buds,) of the tree just after harvesting will maintain proper physiological balance\u00a0 between vegetative and reproductive growth and permit ample amount of sunlight to reach the inner area of the orchard resulting in better performance of the tree every year. Moreover pruning also helps to produce some new shoots just after harvesting which may mature in the next flowering season.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Flowering in \u2018off\u2019 year\u2019<\/b>\u00a0can also be induced by smudging. Smudging in mango is carried out by building slow fires, emitting smoke under mango tree. Similarly, application of\u00a0Ethrel<\/span><\/b>\u00a0can also induce flowering.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Growers who are in\u00a0primitive stage of mango cultivation<\/b>\u00a0can select cultivars like Amrapali, Mallika, Ratna, Dashehari-51, Pusa Arunima, Pusa Shrestha, Pusa Pitambar, Pusa Lalima, Pusa Pratibha, Arka Anmol, Arka Aruna, Arka Puneet, Arka Neelkiran for commercial cultivation as they are\u00a0regular bearing in nature<\/b>. Rejuvenation of old mango tree by\u00a0grafting or budding<\/b>\u00a0with regular bearing varieties are also recommended to convert the alternate bearing habit into regular one.<\/div>\n
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Mango Malformation:<\/b>\u00a0It means improper shape and size of mango which render it less attractive and poor economic value. During last few decades farmers particularly in\u00a0northern India<\/b>\u00a0facing huge problem due to this disorder. Although, it was first observed in 1891 in Bihar but now it is an alarming threat in Punjab, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh.<\/div>\n
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It is mainly of two types:<\/b>\u00a0vegetative and floral.<\/div>\n
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Vegetative malformation<\/b>\u00a0is more common in nursery seedling and in young plants. Malformed vegetative shoots assume the appearance of bunchy top with narrow scaly leaves. Vegetative buds growing in cluster, swells and losses the apical dominance. Almost all the commercial mango cultivars like Bombay Green, Dashehari, Lucknow Safeda and Chausa show huge susceptibility to this malady, however the cultivar Baramasi is less affected. Cultivars like Ellaichi, Alib and Bhadauran are totally free from this disorder but their fruit quality being not superior; their use is limited to only for resistant breeding not for commercial cultivation. Scientist from different part of the country reported that a\u00a0\u00a0fungi- Fusarium moniliformae var. subglutinans<\/b>\u00a0is highly associated with this disorder.\u00a0Temperature range of 21-27\u00b0C (max.) and 8\u00b0C (min.) along with relative humidity of 85% during late winter or early spring is conducive for the growth of the fungi,<\/b>\u00a0resulting severe incidence of malformation on newly emerged panicles.<\/div>\n
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Management Strategies:<\/b><\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Application of NAA\/ Planofix<\/b>\u00a0(200ppm) during\u00a0October<\/b>, prior to fruit bud differentiation followed by de-bloosming of newly emerged panicles or bud during January- February is beneficial to control the disorder.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Spraying of different phenolic compounds like\u00a0catecal, cynamic acid, tannic acid<\/b>\u00a0during 1st week ofOctober\u00a0<\/b>at 2000 ppm is equally effective in reducing floral malformation.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Several\u00a0anti-malformins<\/b>\u00a0have been suggested for beneficial results when sprayed on panicles just after emergence (4-6 cm). Sprays of\u00a0glutathione\u00a0<\/b>at 2250 ppm,\u00a0ascorbic acid<\/b>\u00a0at 2110 ppm,\u00a0AgNO3<\/b>\u00a0at 600 ppm have also been found effective to control the malformation.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Application of nutrients likes\u00a0P & K<\/b>\u00a0and micronutrients especially\u00a0Zn & B<\/b>\u00a0just after harvesting are quite effective in reducing the incidence of malformation. Application of moderate amount of N helped to minimize the vegetative malformation while Zn and B helped in biosynthesis of\u00a0auxins\u00a0<\/b>which ultimately helps to reduce the incidence of mango malformation.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Removal of just emerged malformed panicles or vegetative shoots at a distance of 15-20 cm below the point of occurrence is beneficial to minimize the spread of disorder further.<\/div>\n
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Black Tip:<\/b>\u00a0This malady is widely prevalent in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. It causes considerable economic losses to the growers. Among the commercial cultivars,\u00a0Dashehari is the highly susceptible one<\/b>, while Lucknow Safeda is the least. This disorder has mainly detected in orchards located in the vicinity of\u00a0brick kilns<\/b>. Gases like\u00a0carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and ethylene constituting the fumes of brick kiln<\/span><\/i><\/b>, damage growing tip of fruits and give rise to the symptoms of black tip.<\/div>\n
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Management Strategies<\/b><\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Establishment of the orchards\u00a0away from brick kiln<\/b>\u00a0by at least\u00a01.6 km<\/b>\u00a0in east to west and 0.8 km in north to south direction and\u00a0increasing the chimney height to at least 15- 18 metres<\/b>\u00a0can be preventive measures for this malady.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Spray\u00a01 per cent borax (10g\/lit)<\/b>\u00a0thrice first before flowering, second during flowering and third at fruit set stage is very effective. Moreover, spraying of other alkaline solutions like\u00a0caustic soda<\/b>\u00a0(0.8%) orwashing soda<\/b>\u00a0(0.5%) at pea stage followed by two more sprays at 15 days interval may neutralize the acidic fumes of brick kilns, precipitating on the tip of the fruits.<\/div>\n
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Spongy Tissue:<\/b>\u00a0This is caused because\u00a0ripening enzymes during fruit maturation stage\u00a0become inactive<\/span><\/b>\u00a0due to high temperature, convective heat and post harvest exposure of fruit to sunlight which results in the development of\u00a0non-edible, sour, yellowish and sponge like patch<\/i><\/b>\u00a0with or without air pocket in the mesocarp of the fruit during ripening. In extreme cases, the whole fleshy portion becomes too soft resembling bacterial rot.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Harvesting of fruits at 3\/4th maturity\u00a0<\/b>stage and post harvest exposure to low temperatures between 10-150C for 10-18 hrs has been beneficial in reducing the disorder.<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Sod culture with\u00a0Eragrostis (Spartina) cynosuroides<\/i><\/b>, cover cropping etc.\u00a0should be used<\/b>\u00a0in the orchard to reduce direct heat radiation from soil which ultimately minimizes the raise of convective heat from the ground.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Use of\u00a0black poly-ethylene mulch is recommended<\/b>\u00a0for spongy tissue prone orchards.<\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Resistant varieties<\/b>\u00a0for new cultivators<\/b>\u00a0like Ratna, Arka Puneet, Arka Aruna which have Alphonso\u00a0 like character should be planted in the orchard.<\/div>\n
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Fruit Drop:<\/b>\u00a0Despite initial high fruit set, the ultimate retention is quite low in mango (only\u00a00.1% perfect flowers develop fruit to maturity<\/b>). The intensity of fruit drop varies from variety to variety. Among the commercially grown varieties,\u00a0Langra is more susceptible to drop while Dashehari is the least<\/span><\/b>. Fruit drop in mango is classified into three groups: (i) Pinhead drop, (ii) Post setting drop and (iii)\u00a0pre-harvest drop (May drop)<\/b>.<\/div>\n
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The first two drops causes less economic losses to the growers but the third group is most destructive and cause huge economic losses to the growers as the fruits totally drop down at pre-harvesting stage.<\/div>\n
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Management Strategies<\/b> <\/b><\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The extent of fruit drop in mango can be significantly reduced by\u00a0regular and frequent irrigations<\/b>during the entire fruit developmental period.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Orchards should be\u00a0protected from desiccating winds<\/b>\u00a0(Andhi)<\/b>\u00a0by planting wind breaks.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Timely and effective control measures against major pests and diseases should be adopted.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Growth regulators like\u00a0NAA and 2,4-D<\/b>\u00a0in varying concentration depending upon the variety and time of application can be sprayed. The optimum concentration lies between\u00a010- 15 ppm<\/b>\u00a0during the month of April-May.<\/div>\n
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Clustering (Jhumka)<\/b>: It implies the development of fruits in clusters at the\u00a0tip of the panicles<\/b>\u00a0(A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence). Such fruits\u00a0do not grow beyond pea or marble stage and drop down after a month<\/span><\/i><\/b>\u00a0of fruit set. Mainly it is\u00a0due to lack of pollination \/ fertilization<\/span><\/b>which may be attributed to many reasons such as the absence of sufficient population of pollinators in the orchards (lower bee and butterfly population), indiscriminate spray of pesticides during flowering,spraying of synthetic pyrethroids<\/b>, monoculture and bad weather during flowering.<\/div>\n
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Management Strategies:<\/b><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/b><\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Spraying of pesticides during flowering should be avoided<\/b>. Apart from this, monoculture in the orchard should be avoided by planting at least 5-6 per cent of other cultivars in new plantations.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Introduction of\u00a0beehives<\/b>\u00a0in the orchards during flowering season for increasing the number of pollinators.<\/div>\n
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Internal Fruit Necrosis:<\/b>\u00a0It is characterized by the appearance of\u00a0dark green colour in lower half of the fruit<\/b>\u00a0followed by browning of the seed and mesocarp which ultimately turned into\u00a0brown black necrotic lesion.<\/b>\u00a0It is mainly due to boron deficiency.<\/div>\n
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Internal fruit necrosis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
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Management Strategies<\/b><\/div>\n
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This disorder can be corrected by\u00a0soil or foliar application of boron<\/b>. For soil application,\u00a0Borax @ 500 g per tree<\/b>\u00a0should be incorporated at the time of\u00a0October\u00a0<\/b>fertilization.\u00a0Foliar application of 1 % borax<\/b>\u00a0is recommended at the time of fruit set (pea size stage) followed by two more sprays at 10-15 days interval which will minimize the disorder to a great extent.<\/div>\n
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Leaf scorching in mango:<\/b>\u00a0The characteristic symptom is akin to that of potash deficiency i.e.scorching of old leaves\u00a0<\/b>at the tips or margins. The\u00a0leaves fall down and consequently, the tree vigour and yield is reduced.<\/i><\/b>\u00a0It is mainly due to\u00a0excess of chloride<\/span><\/b>\u00a0ions which render potash unavailability. This disorder is more common in\u00a0saline soils<\/span><\/b>\u00a0or where brackish water is available for irrigation or where muriate of potash is used as a fertilizer to meet the potash requirement of the plants.<\/div>\n
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Management Strategies<\/b><\/div>\n
\u00a0<\/b><\/div>\n
\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0It can be checked effectively by\u00a0collecting and burning the fallen leaves<\/b>\u00a0and using potassium sulphate instead of muriate of potash.<\/div>\n
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\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Acute condition can be cured by\u00a04-5 foliar applications of potassium sulphate<\/b>\u00a0on newly emerged flushes at fortnightly intervals.<\/div>\n
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Conclusion:\u00a0<\/b>Among all the physiological disorders associated with mango, none is due to a single factor but all are due to the amalgamation of several factors like genetic factors, environmental factors, nutritional imbalance, poor cultural practices in the orchard, etc. So, it is very difficult bring a affected orchard into a healthy orchard in a single step within one or two years. But proper cultural and management practices like application of required fertilizers at proper stage, pruning of some old branches just after harvesting, debloosming of some flower buds during February-March,application of recommended plant growth regulators at proper stage etc. can prevent the disorders to a large extent.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Amroha is the land of mangoes and carps\u2026 it looks mysterious because we couldn\u2019t understand the relation between mangoes and carps at first instance. Although Amroha is an ancient place and has rich history but its cultural revolution taken place in medieval times when\u00a0Hazrat Syed Sharfuddin Shahwilayat (ra)\u00a0reached Amroha. He came from Middle East (Iraq) […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":567,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1564,5,3],"tags":[1583,309,78,1568,1576,1575,80,1573,1579,1580,1569,1582,1577,1572,1578,1581,1574,316,1570,1571],"class_list":["post-1562","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-current-affairs","category-education","category-post-of-the-month","tag-aam","tag-agriculture","tag-amroha","tag-amroha-co-in","tag-ancient-city","tag-brotherhood","tag-city","tag-cultural","tag-dargah","tag-hindu","tag-j-p-nagar","tag-mango","tag-miracle","tag-mohalla","tag-scorpion","tag-shahwilayat","tag-social","tag-society","tag-up","tag-urdu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1562","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/567"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1562"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1562\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1565,"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1562\/revisions\/1565"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1562"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1562"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.amroha.co.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1562"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}